|
This list covers English language national capital city names with their etymologies. Some of these include notes on indigenous names and their etymologies. Some of these etymologies are uncertain. The former capitals also have their etymologies listed on this article. __NOTOC__ ==A== : :Kabul (1774–present): Many scholars have argued that the city's name comes from the Kamboja tribe.〔Ethnologische Forschungen und Sammlung von Material für dieselben, 1871, p 244, Adolf Bastian – Ethnology.〕〔The People of India: A Series of Photographic Illustrations, with ..., 1868, p 155, John William Kaye, Meadows Taylor, Great Britain India Office–Ethnology.〕〔Supplementary Glossary, p. 304, H. M. Elliot.〕〔Various Census of India, 1867, p 34.〕〔Memoir on Cuneiform Inscription, 1849, p 98, Cuneiform inscriptions; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1849, p 98, Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.〕 It is also known in classical writings as Kophes or Kophene. The name could also be derived from Sanskrit कुब्ज "kambuja" meaning "hump-backed" or "crooked." :Kandahar (1747–1774): There are many theories about the origin of the name Kandahar: 1. From the Pashto ''Iskanderiya'' (Alexandria);〔Lendering, Jona (Alexandria in Arachosia ) at Livius (ancient history website), 2006〕 2. From the name of the historical city of Gandahar;〔(CANDAHAR, n.p. Kandahār ) entry in Hobson-Jobson Dictionary (of Anglo-Indian) at The Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago〕 3. From the word قند, ''kand'' or ''qand'' in the local languages (Persian and Pashto), meaning "sweet" and هر, ''har'' may be short for شهر, ''shahar'' (city or town). The ancient word ''Gandh'', derived from ''Gandhar'' also means a sweet, nice smell. The city is a source of fine grapes, pomegranates, apricots, melons and other sweet fruits. 4. From two PIE words: ''kand'' (wall) and ''har'' (mountain, or stone), i.e., a city constructed of stone, or a stone-walled fortress. These words remain in use by the nomadic Indo-Pakistani Bagga and Sansi tribes. : :Tirana: There are several hypotheses for the origins of Tirana's name: Tirana thought that comes from the word Theranda, mentioned in ancient sources Greek and Latin, which locals called The Rana, since the field was formed as result of solid materials that brought water from the surrounding mountains. Tirana comes from Tirkan. Tirkan has been a fortress on the mountain slope of Dajti. Still exist the ruins of this ancient castle dating back to beginning of the first century before the birth of Christ, which is thought to have tower that was Byzantium historian Prokop (shek.VI), calls the tower of Tirkanit. Tirana comes from old Greek Tyros (Τύρος) which means dairy. In area of Tirana, trade of dairy products made by shepherds surrounding areas. Tirona Tirana or as called in the dialect of the country, has its origins by the way how called the people of this country. Given that the population located in this area come mainly from the mountains of the area around it by locals they called "The Ronen" (the fallen). Even today, in everyday language, for families who come from mountainous areas used the expression "have fallen (eg) in Durres "(or elsewhere). (J. N. Priska) For the first time mentioned the name of Tirana in 1418 in a document Venice. :Durrës (1914–1920): via Latin Dyrrachium and Greek Δυρράχιον Dyrrachion meaning "bad spine" or "difficult ridge." The city's former name is Epidamnos Επίδαμνος meaning "The Damned" and is a cognate with Latin damnum meaning "loss" or "harm." :Shkodër (1042–1385): The origins of the city's name remain shrouded in mystery. The name on coins minted in Hellenistic Scodra (during the rule of Genthius) have the legend (Greek: ΣΚΟΝΔΡΙΝΩΝ). Some believe the name has a Latin() root, while others() that the name it was Illyrian. In the early 20th century, Shkodër was referred to in English by the Italian name Scutari. In Greek, it is known as Σκουτάριον (Scutarion) or Σκόδρα (Skodra), in Serbian, Croatian Montenegrin and Macedonian as Скадар (Skadar), and in Turkish as İşkodra. Some scholars() believe that the name derives from "Shko-drin" which in Albanian means "where Drin goes", Drin being the Drin River that connects with the Buna River next to the castle of Rozafa. : :Algiers: Derived from the Arabic word "الجزائر" (al-ǧazāʼir), which translates as the islands, referring to the four islands which lay off that city's coast until becoming part of the mainland in 1525; al-ǧazāʼir is itself short for the older name جزائر بني مازغان ǧazāʼir banī mazġannā, "the islands of (the tribe) Bani Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi. :Andorra La Vella: "Andorra the Old" in Catalan. : :Luanda/ Loanda: The place name comes from the root word Luanda lu-ndandu. The prefix lu, originally a plural forms of the Bantu languages, is common in the names of parts of coast of river basins or wetlands (examples: Luena, Lucala Lobito) and in this case, refers to the sandbank surrounded by the sea. Ndandu means value or traded and alludes to the exploitation of small shells collected the island of Luanda and which constituted the currency in the ancient Kingdom of Congo and much of the West African coast, known zimbo or njimbo. As the Mbundu people shaped the pronunciation of place names in various regions of his manner of speaking, eliminating some sounds when they did not alter the meaning of the word, Lu-ndandu went to Lu-andu. The word in Portuguese became feminine, since it referred to an island, and resulted in Luanda. :Huambo: Etymology unknown; formerly known as Nova Lisboa meaning "New Lisbon" in Portuguese. : :Saint John's: "Belonging to Saint John." : :Buenos Aires: "Good Airs" in Spanish. :Paraná (confederate capital from 1852 to 1862): from the Guarani paraná, "wide river"; the words for "river", "large river", "lagoon", "sea" and "lake" have different meanings in Tupi, leading to confusion that Paraná meant sea : :Yerevan: Early Christian Armenian chroniclers attributed Yerevan's origin to having been derived from an expression exclaimed by Noah, in Armenian, while looking in the direction of Yerevan, after the ark had landed on Mount Ararat and the flood waters had receded: "Yerevats!" ("it appeared!"). Another theory on the origin of the name is that the city was named after the Armenian king, Yervand IV (the Last), the last leader of the Orontid Dynasty and founder of the city of Yervandashat.() However, it is likely that the city's name is derived from an Urartian military fortress called Erebuni (Էրեբունի), which was founded on the territory of modern-day Yerevan in 782 B.C. by Argishti I.() As elements of the Urartian language blended with that of the Armenian one, it eventually evolved into Yerevan; scholar Margarit Israelyan notes these changes when comparing inscriptions found on two cuneiform tablets at Erebuni: The transcription of the second cuneiform bu (emphasis ) of the word was very essential in our interpretation as it is the Urartaean b that has been shifted to the Armenian v (b > v). The original writing of the inscription read «er-bu-ni»; therefore the prominent Armenianologist-orientalist Prof. G. A. Ghapantsian justly objected, remarking that the Urartu b changed to v at the beginning of the word (Biani > Van) or between two vowels (ebani > avan, Zabaha > Javakhk)....In other words b was placed between two vowels. The true pronunciation of the fortress-city was apparently Erebuny. : :Canberra: The word "Canberra" is derived from the word Kanbarra meaning "meeting place" in the old Ngunnawal language of the local Ngabri people. Alternatively the name was reported to mean "woman's breasts", by journalist John Gale in the 1860s, referring to the mountains of Mount Ainslie and Black Mountain.〔(Australia’s National Capital by Crispin Hull ), Ch. 2 European settlement and the naming of Canberra〕 The Ngunnawal name was apparently used as a reference to corroborees held during the seasonal migration of the Ngunnawal people to feast on the Bogong moths that pass through the region each spring. :Melbourne (1901–1927): "Mill Stream" or "Mill Spring." : :Vienna: German Wien: from Celtic Vindobona (vindo "white" + bona "foundation, fort") : :Baku: The name Baku is widely believed to be derived from the old Persian names of the city باد-که ''Bād-kube'', meaning "Wind-pounded city", in which ''bād'' means "wind" and ''kube'' is rooted in the verb کوبی ''kubidan'', "to pound", thus referring to a place where wind is strong and pounding. Indeed, the city is renowned for its fierce winter snow storms and harsh winds. It is also believed that Baku refers to ''Baghkuh'', meaning "Mount of God". ''𐎲𐎠𐎥𐎠'' ''Baga'' and ''𐎣𐎠𐎢𐎳𐎠'' ''kaufa'' (now ''kuh'') are the Old Persian words for "god" and "mountain" respectively; the name ''Baghkuh'' may be compared with ''Baghdād'' ("God-given") in which ''dād'' is the Old Persian word for "give". Arabic sources refer to the city as ''Baku'', ''Bakukh'', ''Bakuya'', and ''Bakuye'', all of which seem to come from a Persian name. Various different hypotheses were also proposed to explain the etymology of the word ''Baku''. According to L.G.Lopatinski〔Ган К.Ф. Oпыть объяснения кавказских географических названий. Тифлис, 1909〕 and Ali Huseynzade〔.(The Name “Baku” )〕 ''Baku'' is derived from Turkic word for "hill". Caucasian history specialist K.P. Patkanov also explains the name as "hill" but in the Lak language.〔 The Turkish ''Islamic Encyclopedia'' presents the origin of the word ''Baku'' as being derived from the words ''Bey-Kyoy'', which mean "the main city" in Turkic. Also another theory suggest that the name Baku is derived from the ancient Caucasian Albanian city which present was called Baguan. :Ganja (June–December 1918): Modern historians believe that the Persian name Ganja (گنجه / ''Ganjeh'', "Ganja" derives from the New Persian ''ganj'' (گنج: "treasure, treasury")) suggests that the city existed in pre-Islamic times and was likely founded in the fifth century A.D.〔(Encyclopedia Iranica, "Ganja", C. Edmund Bosworth )〕 The area in which Ganja is located was known as Arran from the ninth to twelfth century; its urban population spoke mainly in the Persian language.〔(История Востока. В 6 т. Т. 2. Восток в средние века. ) М., «Восточная литература», 2002. ISBN 5-02-017711-3 (History of the East. In 6 volumes. Volume 2. Moscow, publishing house of the Russian Academy of sciences «East literature»): The polyethnic population of Albania left-bank at this time is increasingly moving to the Persian language. Mainly this applies to cities of Aran and Shirvan, as begin from 9-10 centuries named two main areas in the territory of Azerbaijan. With regard to the rural population, it would seem, mostly retained for a long time, their old languages, related to modern Daghestanian family, especially Lezgin. (russian text: Пестрое в этническом плане население левобережнoй Албании в это время все больше переходит на персидский язык. Главным образом это относится к городам Арана и Ширвана, как стали в IX-Х вв. именоваться два главные области на территории Азербайджана. Что касается сельского населения, то оно, по-видимому, в основном сохраняло еще долгое время свои старые языки, родственные современным дагестанским, прежде всего лезгинскому.〕〔(Дьяконов, Игорь Михайлович. Книга воспоминаний. Издательство "Европейский дом", Санкт-Петербург, 1995., 1995 ). – ISBN 5-85733-042-4. cтр. 730-731 Igor Diakonov. The book of memoirs.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of national capital city name etymologies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|